Friday, December 27, 2019

What Have Politicians Prepared for Future College Students

A part of budget money always goes to higher education. However, every country has its own educational policies which define the percentage of these costs spent on it. Countries like Germany regard higher education as one of the priority areas, which is why it allows young people to get it for free. It means that the country entirely supports education. The US education budget and the governments funding role are limited, and the tuition costs are almost exclusively a problem of students and their families. In fact, the loan debt in the US has reached the point of $1,300 billion. However, every once in a while, educational policies are reviewed by every country and the US is not an exception. The actions that are taken depend on the countrys current priorities: while some minimize the burden for students and their families, others try to decrease budget spendings. Let us see which budget proposals for the higher education sector the governments of the US, UK, and Australia have. In their attempts to address the issue of the US college bubble, Bernie Sanders and Hillary Clinton suggested two separate plans. The first plan by Clinton offers a formula, according to which students will be charged tuition fees depending on their families’ incomes. Additionally, to qualify for the subsidies, students will have to work 10 hours a week. In the politicians opinion, students must demonstrate their willingness to study in college, and they can do it by working 1/4 of the full week. In opposition to Clintons proposal, Sanders plan suggests that the cost-free higher education should be available to every student who has the right qualifications. It means changing the requirements for applicants, which will help to get the most perspective or most motivated among them enrolled in a college. The second plan looks like it is both simple and effective, but we should see which of the two will be approved. In early 2015, the Australian Senate tried to pass an education package that was aimed at three issues — deregulation of college fees by the government, cuts of student subsidies, and expansion of the educational system. While each of the three would have not been a problem on its own, their combination could mean harsher conditions for students and their families. This proposal can be explained by one thing, namely, power games between the Labor and Coalition, which they play at the cost of students. Meanwhile in the UK, George Osborne of the Tory party presented the 2015 Budget which contained a number of budget cuts. One of them was related to the maintenance grants for low-income students. Previously, students from families with income of  £42,620 were entitled to the annual grant starting from  £547 and increasing for the poorer families. Thus, households with earnings that do not exceed  £25,000 per year could apply for a grant of  £3,387. According to the new Budget, the maintenance grant will be turned into loans that the students will have to pay back after graduating. When making this decision, politicians quoted statistical data that most students were more concerned about their current costs and spendings than the future ones. In other words, students won’t mind. While in some European countries the officials have recognized the fact that higher education helps to establish the intellectual elite and facilitate innovation, other governments continue to cut costs and make education available only for the privileged groups. Let us hope that a new form of student loans in the UK will not result in crisis like in the US. The governments should acknowledge that higher education used to be a privilege once, but it is a necessity in the present-day world that is rapidly evolving.

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Civilization Essays - 1024 Words

Civilization In his essay â€Å"Civilization and Its Discontents†, Sigmund Freud states his opinion that technological progress has failed to make humans happier. I strongly disagree to this opinion as I believe that today’s technological progress has made our lives more efficient and interesting, and thus more happy. Freud speaks in a time when the progress of technology had not started its rapid acceleration, and so the technology of his day did not have a large positive impact on the whole of society, compared to today’s world. Technology has changed many things in our lives, but has it made our lives any better? Technology does make people happier. Humans always want to upgrade their paraphernalia to new more efficient pieces of†¦show more content†¦New technology makes hobbies and sports much better, and allows for different hobbies to be constantly in creation. With more and more choices entering the market we can find something that fits our talents and interests perfectly. Traveling has improved astronomically over the years allowing people to explore the world in a short amount of time. Anyone from Canada could go almost anywhere in the world within two days. This allows people to experience a new cultures and lands. We all know how happy our friends and family are after having been on a trip to another country. The opportunities are becoming endless. New ways of traveling faster planes and busses and modern overnight trains and now being constructed to help make travel easier and possible. Modern technology is bringing people closer together, and making the globe a smaller place. Being knowledgeable is a great feeling. The invention of computers and the Internet have allowed any information to be accessible to anyone. The Internet connects people from around the world. It has been a huge step towards global communication. Any business can offer its products around the world through a web page. A person can speak to friends or relatives anywhere on the globe. I personally am very happy. Because of the Internet, I am closer than I would be to my brother who lives in Montreal and my dad who lives in Chile. The Internet has madeShow MoreRelatedCivilization Vs Civilization770 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to the dictionary, underneath the word civilization, it states â€Å"an advanced state of human society, in which a high level of culture, science, industry, and the government has been reached.† (Dictionary)However, Huntington describes to some degree, something polar opposite, civilization as a meaningful entity. That those nations, and its people, wil l not only be defined by what modern technology it possesses, but also by their cultural identities and the regions in which they reside withinRead MoreEgyptian Civilization And Greek Civilization889 Words   |  4 Pagesthe birth of civilizations. There were many ancient civilizations in the world like, India civilization, Chinese civilization, Middle East civilization, Mesopotamian civilization, Egyptian civilization, Greek civilization, Roman civilization and others which greatly contributed to the development of the world history. Each civilization had their own way to follow culture, religions, public life, economic life, and others. Therefore, in this paper, I will describe how Indian civilization, EgyptianRead MoreEarly Civilizations : Ancient Civilizations830 Words   |  4 Pages2015 Early Civilization All civilizations, whether old or new, strive for advancement. In order to advance, certain techniques and characteristics have to be combined and manipulated to achieve this progression. â€Å"A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common elements.† Examples of these early civilizations that used similar characteristics to flourish were the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptians in Egypt. A civilization is formed byRead MoreAncient Civilizations And The Egyptian Civilization1403 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam McNeill, author of A World History, is in accordance with the belief that ancient civilizations who were in constant contact with conflict and war could develop a more advanced system of law, bureaucracy, and market prices. By that logic, Mesopotamia would have been far more advanced than Egypt. For example, Mesopotamia frequented attacks from barbarians because of the lay of the land. They also had trouble controlling war between centers of industry due to the inevitable struggle with theRead MoreMayan Civilization : Ancient Civilizations1314 Words   |  6 PagesMayan Civilization The mayan civilization was one of the earliest civilizations that occupied areas that are today known as Guatemala, Northern Belize, and Mexico. The mayan civilization lived through what is known as the Classic Period. Their culture began about 250 C.E. and ended near 900 C.E. While most of the population lived in what is present day Guatemala the population of the mayans rose from 5,000 to almost two million people near the end of the Classic Period. Although the mayans are knownRead MoreAncient Civilizations : Compare And Contrasting Ancient Civilizations804 Words   |  4 PagesContrasting Ancient Civilizations Most people believe that all ancient civilizations were the same: they all lived with a steadfast loyalty to their one and only king that ruled all of the lands, civilizations only achievements were monumental buildings, and they vacuously attacked neighboring societies to gain more land for millennia. While some of this knowledge is true to an extent, civilizations accomplished an abundance more than some realize. Some fail to register that early civilizations are uniqueRead More Civilization Paper718 Words   |  3 Pages Civilization is a term used in many different ways. It can be defined as; people who eat the same kind of foods, People who live together, people who speak the same language, and so on. Yet each way that it is defined relates towards the same topic; Humans and their existence on the planet. 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Major urban areas exhibited advanced infrastructure, including organized streets and paths, a sophisticated sewage system, and an operating method for drainage. However, a few thousand years after it was at its peak, the civilization began to decline, and eventually it collapsed. Toda y, the ruins of the ancient civilization remain, and much about the civilization’s cities andRead MoreThe First Civilizations : The Rise Of Civilization1876 Words   |  8 PagesThe first civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Principles of Commercial Law of Annie and Brett †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Principles of Commercial Law Annie and Brett. Answer: Preface As per the given facts, the main dispute is incurred maid Brett and Annie. Annie is the plaintiff and the Brett is considered as defendant. Annie intends to take an action under the law of negligence against Brett and intends to claim compensation for the damages suffered by her. The burden of proof is upon the plaintiff, that is, Annie to prove that Brett owns a duty of care against her and it is because the breach of such duty of care that she has sustained damages and thus, Brett is negligent in his actions. The main elements that are required are: Duty of care Breach of duty of care Damages The legal principles governing the law of negligence are now student herein under and the same are applied to the facts of the case. Applicable law and its application on the facts Annie and Brett were known to each other as they used to study in the same Business law and Ethics class. Annie used to like Brett and Brett is more interested in her friend, Candice. Brett is working in Tavern. Annie decided to celebrate her birthday at Tavern on the expectation that Brett will be on duty and in fact he was on the duty on the said night. On the night of the birthday, Annie suffered serious injuries by slipping at tavern. She now intends to sue Brett as she believes that Brett is negligent in is actions in law and he must compensate Annie. Annie can only hold Brett liable under the law of negligence once she establishes all the elements of negligence against Brett. The law of negligence The law of negligence is one of the very important tortuous law that is prevalent in all the countries of the world. The basic principle upon which the law of negligence evolves is that every defaulter must make good to the loss that is sustained by any aggrieved party because of his actions or inactions.[1] The law of negligence was evolved for the first time in the leading case Donoghue v Stevenson[2]. It is in the leading case in which Lord Atkin has established the concept of negligence upon a manufacturer and the consumer. It was held by him that every manufacture owns a duty of care towards his consumer and he must supply products of such nature which does not result in any kind of injuryto the consumers. If harm is sustained then the manufacturer must compensate the consumer.[3] This principle is later extended generally to all the activities. Thus, to hold the defendant under the law of negligence, it is important that the dependant must own a duty of care towards the plaintiff and there must be violation of duty. The violation must result in causing harm to plaintiff. It is then the defendant has an obligation to make good the loss that is suffered by the plaintiff. Thus, Annie must prove that Brett was negligent in his actions to claim the compensation for her losses. The main essentials that are required to prove in order to hold any defendant liable in negligence are: Duty of care To prove negligence on the part of the defendant, the plaintiff must prove that the defendant is under a legal obligation to provide care. The duty submits that the actions or inactions of the defendant must be such so that no loss is caused to any plaintiff. In Shaw v Thomas[4], every occupier of the building owns a duty against the person visiting the premises and must carry out his actions so that no injury is caused to him.[5] Thus, Annie should first prove that Brett owns duty of care against her. This is because Brett was the manager of Tavern on the night when Annie suffered injuries. Brett was the in-charge of the premises and thus it becomes his paramount duty to protect and provide an environment that must not cause any harm to his invitees. However, Brett can only be imposed with the duty of care when there are two factors which are comply with. Neighborhood principle In negligence, the defendant is answerable only against such plaintiffs who are the neighbours of the defendant. The principle of neighbourhood signifies that the plaintiff and the defendant are so connected with each other that the acts and omissions of the defendant fall directly upon the plaintiff. There is proximity amid the two. In such situation, the defendant owns a duty of care and is held in Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Limited[6].[7] In the leading case of Wyong Shire Council v Shirt[8], the court established that every occupier of the building is imposed with an obligation to provide care to the entrants mainly because the entrants hold a proximate relationship with the occupier of the premises and the occupier must make sure that no injury should be caused to any of the entrants.[9] It is submitted that Brett is the occupier of Tavern when the incident took place. Annie is the entrant in the Premises. So, as per the principle laid down in Wyong Shire Council v Shirt, Brett and Annie are in proximate relationship and Brett must make sure that no injury is caused to Annie because of his non-compliance of hid duty. Reasonable forseeability principle Also, the duty of care can only be imposed upon the defendant if the impact that might occur after the conduct of the defendant is rationally predictable. It was held in Romeo v Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory[10] that if the defendant is aware about the results of his acts with reasonable forseeability, then, he is under duty to prove care to the plaintiff against such effects.[11] In the leading case of Cunningham v Reading FC[12], it was held that if the occupier of the premises can reasonably foresee that impact of his actions upon the plaintiff, then, it is his duty to avoid such acts so that no harm is caused to the plaintiff. Now, At around 11: 00, Brett was informed by his co-worker David that someone was sick near the main door. Brett inquired that whether the main door was cleaned yup which was replied in affirmative by David. However, Brett did not on his own have checked whether the floor was actually cleaned or not. Brett is aware that the floor is slippery and since the mess is in front of the main door, which is the passage where all the entrants are coming and leaving, thus, is a place where the chances of mis-happening is the highest. So, there is an element of resemble forseeability. Thus, Brett can reasonably foresee the damages and the injuries which might take place to the entrants, including Annie. However, still no efforts are made by him to protect the entrants from the injury. Thus, there is presence of principle of neighbourhood and reasonable forseeability, thus, Brett owns a duty of care against all the entrants including Annie. Breach of duty of care The obligation of care when is not met by the defendant then the duty is considered to be breached. However, the duty is said to be breached only when the echelon of concern and precautions that are probable are not comply with. The level of care varies from situation to situation. If the plaintiff against whom the duty of care is to be comply with a child or aged or ill or intoxicated person, then, the duty of care is high otherwise the level is less. If the risk involved is high then the level of care is also high and vice versa and is rightly held in Roe v Minister of Health[13]. In the leading case of Spotless Services Australia Ltd v Herbath anor[14], it was held that the occupier must carry out his duty with adequate level of care in order to avoid any kind of breach. Now, it is established that Brett owns a duty of care against Annie. But, this duty is not comply with as Brett is aware that there is mess around the front door. David even submitted that the mess was an awful mess. However, still, Brett was not diligent enough to check whether the mess was cleared or not. He was too busy to serve Candice. Brett was aware that almost every person in Tavern was intoxicated. Thus, he has a greater duty to provide care to the entrants. He must be diligent enough to check the entrance as the chances of injury to be incurred is very high as there is continuous flow of movement at the entrance. However, this echelon of heed that is desired from Brett was not complying with resulting in clear breach of duty. Damages Once the obligation of protection is not comply with, then, to grasp the defendant for negligence, t is required that there is some thrashing that might have caused to the plaintiff. The loss can be mentally or physically, but, there has to be some kind of loss that must be sustained by the plaintiff and is held in Allied Maples v Simmons Simmons[15].[16] Now, the duty of care is established upon Brett which is breached by him. Because of the breach of duty, Annie has sustained a fracture to her lower back and will need surgery. She will have to lie in bed for some months in order to recover. Shell have to give up her part-time job at Safeway for at least six months. But, Brett will only be held liable for such damages provided there is: Causation The loss/ damage which is sustain to the plaintiff is caused unswervingly because of the breach of duty of the defendant, thus, there must be presence of e element of causation and is held in Baker v Willoughby[17]. Since Brett was in breach of his duty and it is because of his breach that Annie has suffered injuries, thus, there are elements of causation. If Brett would have complied with his duty, the loss could have been avoided. Remoteness Further, the damages sustained to the plaintiff can be anticipated by the defendant reasonably. The loss must not be too remote to predict. Thus, remoteness is one of the elements to prove negligence on the part of the defendant and is held in Humber oil terminals trustee ltd v harbour and general works(stevin) ltd.[18] Now, Brett is aware that there is mess at the entrance of the building. He is also aware that the mess was too much as described by David. Thus, he is also aware that if any person will slip on the mess then the chances are there that someone might be injured. Thus, the damage that might be caused because of the mess was not remote and can be easily predictable by Brett. So there is element of predictability that is present. It is thus submitted that Brett was imposed with the duty of care against Annie, as Annie was her neighbor and the impact of the acts and omission of Brett was reasonably foreseeable by Brett. This duty of care is not comply with by Brett as no adequate level of care is undertaken by him. Because of the breach of duty of care Annie has sustained injuries. Thus, all the three elements of negligence are established and Brett can be held liable under the law of negligence. Defense - contributory negligence At times the defendant can take a defense of contributory negligence in order to protect himself. It has to be proved that that the loss/damage sustained to the plaintiff is not by the fault of the defendant only, that the plaintiff has also contributed his own loss by acting in adverse manner and thus the liability of the defendant can be proportionately reduced to the extent the plaintiff has contributed to his own loss. Brett can rely on the fact that Annie was wearing too much heals and that could be the reason for the aggravation of her injuries. The heal broke which further aggravated the injury caused to Annie. Thus, Brett can claim to reduce his liabilities proportionality. Decision and Remarks Thus, Brett was imposed with the duty of care which is not catered by him resulting in causing loss to Annie. But, Brett can prove that the loss that is caused is because of the contribution on the part of Annie and thus claim the defence of contributory negligence. Annie must bring an action of negligence against Brett wherein she will succeed in her action. But, Brett can also claim demesne of contributory negligence. References Books/Articles/Journals Beever, Allan , Rediscovering the Law of Negligence, (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2007). Gibson, A and Fraser, D, Business Law 2014, (Pearson Higher Education AU, 2013) Norman, Katter, Who then in law is my neighbour? - Reverting to First Principles in the High Court of Australia, (The Tort Law Review, 2004). Case laws Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Limited (2002) 76 ALJR 1348. Allied Maples v Simmons Simmons[1995]. Baker v Willoughby[1970] AC 467 Cunningham v Reading FC (1991). Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Humber oil terminals trustee ltd v harbour and general works(stevin) ltd. (1992) 59 blr 1 Romeo v Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory (1998) 192 CLR 431. Roe v Minister of Health[1954] 2 WLR 915 Shaw v Thomas[2010] NSWCA 169. Spotless Services Australia Ltd v Herbath anor (2009) 26 VR 373. Wyong Shire Council v Shirt- [1980] HCA 12. Online Material Souper, M, The Sixth Law form (2008) https://sixthformlaw.info/02_cases/mod3a/aqa/_cases_tort_3damage.htm. Hubbard, S, Australia: Nature of duty of care owed by occupiers of domestic premises to ten year old boy who fell whilst descending from top bunk of bed s 5B Civil Liability Act, 2010, https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/107024

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

Suffering Crime And Punishmen Essay Example For Students

Suffering Crime And Punishmen Essay In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an integral part of every character’s role. Dostoevsky uses comic characters as instruments for competing ideological issues. A typical example is the loquacious bar room character Marmeladov, an alcoholic with an ironic abstract side to his personality. Through his behavior, Marmeladov draws the reader’s attention to questions about environmental and psychological influence and theology and specifically, the conflict between organized religion and personal spirituality. His confession to Raskolnikov sets the stage for a complex pattern of cross references to these ideas and their impact on the main characters. At the center of these related questions is Marmeladov’s self-assured claim that he knows that redemptive suffering will lead to salvation, such as when he tells Raskolnikov that he knows with certainty that God has a special place reserved in heaven for repentant drinkers: then He will summon us†¦ Come forth ye drunkards†¦ and He will hold out His hands to us and we shall fall down before Him†¦ (Dostoevsky 20). We will write a custom essay on Suffering Crime And Punishmen specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Connected to this theological side of Marmeladov, and the basis of a psychological subtext, is his enjoyment of self-induced suffering, such as the abuse of Katerina Ivanovna when he returns home after drinking. He says, This does not hurt me, but is a positive consolation. (Dostoevsky 23). Dostoevsky uses Marmeladov’s comic behavior to counterpoint the metaphysical guilt that Raskolnikov tries to suppress. His justification appeals to Raskolnikov not only because it vindicates the behavior of neglected, poor people, but more importantly because it offers an unconventional view of moral masochism right at the very moment when Raskolnikov is contemplating ruining his life with the lie of murder in the name of humanitarianism, or a crime in the name of a higher good. However, it is Sonia, the holy fool who is forced to work as a prostitute, who will eventually bring this lie to the surface. In the meantime, Raskolnikov will be drawn into her family through the actions of her father and due to his need to suffer and then seek atonement. The recurrence of the parallel of shame and redemptive suffering in Crime and Punishment is essential in understanding the role of suffering. Victimized and burdened people like Marmeladov lead to a kind of spiritual power through their eccentric personalities. A similar pattern of self-conscious shame and redemptive suffering is played out in several other situations, especially those involving Marmeladov s wife Katerina. She, too, like her husband, owns little except her complaints about an absurd world, and her symbolically bloody handkerchief. She blames her misfortune on the environment and social circumstances (Dostoevsky 14). From the point-of-view of Dostoevsky’s Christian philosophy, she brings to light the Orthodox view of spiritual fallenness. The voice of Dostoevsky, the man, is only heard on the level of the novel’s subtext. Dostoevsky never lets his Christian beliefs overwhelm a dialogue between two characters or direct the flow of an argument. Dostoevsky lets these ideological differences exist side by side, in irreconcilable tension. Thus, the conflict between personal guilt and unfavorable social circumstance can only sharpen the sense of the incompatibility between deterministic psychology and faith. This seems to be the reason Dostoevsky introduces the cases of suffering of Dounia and Sonia, giving up great aspects of their life for the greater good. As one struggles to keep her family together and surviving with few resources, the other must give up her name and respectability to become a prostitute and raise money to support her family. The similarity and significance are great in that they contrast directly to the reasoning and consequences of Raskolnikov s crime. Raskolnikov is so torn apart by conflicting thoughts and desires that he often seems to be two characters. .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .postImageUrl , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:hover , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:visited , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:active { border:0!important; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:active , .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12 .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf2c01d1247c1dca95924f75a7e992a12:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Entires of an American Soldier fictional EssayIndeed, Dostoevsky’s technique is to surround Raskolnikov with complementary or opposing characters that mirror his repressed inner self. One side of his personality is aggressive and detached, like Svidrigailov, while the other is caring and compassionate, like Sonia. In a schematic sense, Sonia is a double that represents his spiritual, ethereal side, and Svidrigailov a double that stands for his physical, agnostic side. Throughout the novel, Raskolnikov moves, alternately, from one to the other as he attempts to resolve the burden of a guilty conscience. After the crime, these two alter egos compete for Raskolnikovâ⠂¬â„¢s attentions. However, because of his pride, he tries to hide from any open acknowledgment of either one. This mask of denial is the basis of Dostoevsky’s irony in scenes where Raskolnikov is clearly drawn to the spiritual side of Sonia or the criminal side of Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov especially finds it hard to admit that he is drawn to a self-denying victim like Sonia because it violates his idea of the extraordinary person. It is easier to identify with an aggressive victimizer like Svidrigailov because he embodies the ruthless behavior of a man who has overstepped the laws of society. However, basically Raskolnikov is attracted to these opposing doubles, it is a conflict between innate feelings and ideology. Sonia represents Raskolnikov’s innate morality and the goodness of his heart, while Svidrigailov stands for the evil of abstract theories, and when Svidrigailov dies, the theoretical voice of Raskolnikov’s personality seems to fade out and the Sonya voice begins to speak with greater conviction, which becomes Raskolnikov s most important first step towards his confession.