Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay Example For Students

Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay As children, one of the first things we learn is to recognize the friendly barnyard animals. We easily can spot the furry cow with the gentle eyes, the feathery chickens who run wildly about, and the pink pigs that roll in the mud. We may also sing about that nice farmer, Old McDonald, and all of his nice animals. The truth is that Old McDonald with a straw hat has been replaced by a business man in the hard hat. Ninety-five percent of the meat we eat does not come from Old McDonalds farm. Hens, chickens, turkeys, and over half of beef cattle, dairy cows, and pigs come from an animal factory (Sussman, 95) which is a mechanized environment. This new farming method finds blue skies, tall silos, and grassy hillsides good for calendars but, bad for business. Those pictures are not cost effective. Animals are not treated with the loving care of a farmer but, are treated like inmates on death row. Poultry, pigs, and calves are forced to live in total confinement never to see the light of day until they head to the slaughter house. Hens are frequently crowded into small cages which they may not leave for a year or two. We will write a custom essay on Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pregnant sows are often put in stalls that are their homes for three months at a time. After having her piglets, a sow may be pinned to the floor for four to seven weeks in order to keep the sow from rolling over on her babies. Cows may be fed steady diet of molasses laced saw dust, shredded newspaper, plastic pellets, poultry manure, and processed slaughter house wastes in order to gain weight faster. Confinement is so complete that the animals do not have room to move (206). Not only are the animals forced to live in this unnatural environment, they are also pumped full off antibiotics, hormones, steroids, and are dipped in pesticides. Over half the cattle and nearly all pigs, calves, and poultry are fed a steady diet of antibiotics and related Jarboe 2 medications to help control diseases. No one is sure what the long term side effects may be for people who consume these meat and dairy products (145). Have you ever seen a big rig driving down a highway hauling cattle? A trucker hauling livestock can legally drive two to three days nonstop leaving the creatures without food or water. Truckers who do stop to rest or water their cargo do so because they choose to, not because the law requires it . It is not surprising that much livestock is driven through days of suffocating heat and below zero nights uncared for, crowded, and sometimes literally frightened to death. Some of the animals arriving alive at the slaughter house have broken limbs or other injuries due to crowding and piling. At the journeys end the cattle are already confused and frightened at their treatment and strange surroundings. Now they must be sent through such procedures such as castration, dehorning, branding, and injections and various chemicals (Null, 86-87). The four slaughtering methods the government has declared humane are captive bolt, carbon dioxide, electrical stunning, and gunshot. The methods were devised from the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. The Act says that all livestock must be unconscience before slaughtering. Unfortunately, the act has not provisions for punishment of those who choose to use an inhumane slaughtering technique (Sussman, 223). Captive bolt gun, which is usually used on cattle, uses compressed air or blank cartridges. The device fires a thick bolt into the animals forehead. Some bolts are designed to stun the animal by concussion rather than penetration of the skull. Carbon dioxide is used on swine and sometimes sheep and calves. The animals ride on a conveyor belt into a pit filled with 65-75% concentration on carbon dioxide. The gas causes the animals to become unconscience. The electric stunner is handled by a packing house worker on any kind of animal. .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .postImageUrl , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:hover , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:visited , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:active { border:0!important; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:active , .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413 .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u856db5dbd33821ef189736ce2a15e413:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Sleep deprivation and business Essay The stunners are shoved against the animal, shocking it into insensibility. If not handled correctly, the electical stunner can cause temporary paralyzation. Jarboe 3 The gunshot method is preferred among small operations and most farmers. A .22 or .38 caliber bullet is shot into the animals brain. Unfortunately, if the animal moves its head at the wrong time, the bullet can miss the desired spot causing the animal to bleed in agony until another bullet is fired (224-226). Chickens continue to be treated like . Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay Example For Students Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay As children, one of the first things we learn is to recognize the friendly barnyard animals. We easily can spot the furry cow with the gentle eyes, the feathery chickens who run wildly about, and the pink pigs that roll in the mud. We may also sing about that nice farmer, Old McDonald, and all of his nice animals. The truth is that Old McDonald with a straw hat has been replaced by a business man in the hard hat. Ninety-five percent of the meat we eat does not come from Old McDonalds farm. Hens, chickens, turkeys, and over half of beef cattle, dairy cows, and pigs come from an animal factory (Sussman, 95) which is a mechanized environment. This new farming method finds blue skies, tall silos, and grassy hillsides good for calendars but, bad for business. Those pictures are not cost effective. Animals are not treated with the loving care of a farmer but, are treated like inmates on death row. Poultry, pigs, and calves are forced to live in total confinement never to see the light of day until they head to the slaughter house. Hens are frequently crowded into small cages which they may not leave for a year or two. We will write a custom essay on Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pregnant sows are often put in stalls that are their homes for three months at a time. After having her piglets, a sow may be pinned to the floor for four to seven weeks in order to keep the sow from rolling over on her babies. Cows may be fed steady diet of molasses laced saw dust, shredded newspaper, plastic pellets, poultry manure, and processed slaughter house wastes in order to gain weight faster. Confinement is so complete that the animals do not have room to move (206). Not only are the animals forced to live in this unnatural environment, they are also pumped full off antibiotics, hormones, steroids, and are dipped in pesticides. Over half the cattle and nearly all pigs, calves, and poultry are fed a steady diet of antibiotics and related Jarboe 2 medications to help control diseases. No one is sure what the long term side effects may be for people who consume these meat and dairy products (145). Have you ever seen a big rig driving down a highway hauling cattle? A trucker hauling livestock can legally drive two to three days nonstop leaving the creatures without food or water. Truckers who do stop to rest or water their cargo do so because they choose to, not because the law requires it . It is not surprising that much livestock is driven through days of suffocating heat and below zero nights uncared for, crowded, and sometimes literally frightened to death. Some of the animals arriving alive at the slaughter house have broken limbs or other injuries due to crowding and piling. At the journeys end the cattle are already confused and frightened at their treatment and strange surroundings. Now they must be sent through such procedures such as castration, dehorning, branding, and injections and various chemicals (Null, 86-87). The four slaughtering methods the government has declared humane are captive bolt, carbon dioxide, electrical stunning, and gunshot. The methods were devised from the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. The Act says that all livestock must be unconscience before slaughtering. Unfortunately, the act has not provisions for punishment of those who choose to use an inhumane slaughtering technique (Sussman, 223). Captive bolt gun, which is usually used on cattle, uses compressed air or blank cartridges. The device fires a thick bolt into the animals forehead. Some bolts are designed to stun the animal by concussion rather than penetration of the skull. Carbon dioxide is used on swine and sometimes sheep and calves. The animals ride on a conveyor belt into a pit filled with 65-75% concentration on carbon dioxide. The gas causes the animals to become unconscience. The electric stunner is handled by a packing house worker on any kind of animal. .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .postImageUrl , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:hover , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:visited , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:active { border:0!important; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:active , .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8 .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2c0ef03176951346fce78826798087d8:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Decision Making Process: Improving Our Ability to Essay The stunners are shoved against the animal, shocking it into insensibility. If not handled correctly, the electical stunner can cause temporary paralyzation. Jarboe 3 The gunshot method is preferred among small operations and most farmers. A .22 or .38 caliber bullet is shot into the animals brain. Unfortunately, if the animal moves its head at the wrong time, the bullet can miss the desired spot causing the animal to bleed in agony until another bullet is fired (224-226). Chickens continue to be treated like . Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay Example For Students Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat Essay As children, one of the first things we learn is to recognize the friendly barnyard animals. We easily can spot the furry cow with the gentle eyes, the feathery chickens who run wildly about, and the pink pigs that roll in the mud. We may also sing about that nice farmer, Old McDonald, and all of his nice animals. The truth is that Old McDonald with a straw hat has been replaced by a business man in the hard hat. Ninety-five percent of the meat we eat does not come from Old McDonalds farm. Hens, chickens, turkeys, and over half of beef cattle, dairy cows, and pigs come from an ;animal factory; (Sussman, 95) which is a mechanized environment. This new farming method finds blue skies, tall silos, and grassy hillsides good for calendars but, bad for business. Those pictures are not cost effective. Animals are not treated with the loving care of a farmer but, are treated like inmates on death row. Poultry, pigs, and calves are forced to live in total confinement never to see the light of day until they head to the slaughter house. Hens are frequently crowded into small cages which they may not leave for a year or two. We will write a custom essay on Vegetarianism To Meat Or Not To Meat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Pregnant sows are often put in stalls that are their homes for three months at a time. After having her piglets, a sow may be pinned to the floor for four to seven weeks in order to keep the sow from rolling over on her babies. Cows may be fed steady diet of molasses laced saw dust, shredded newspaper, plastic pellets, poultry manure, and processed slaughter house wastes in order to gain weight faster. Confinement is so complete that the animals do not have room to move (206). Not only are the animals forced to live in this unnatural environment, they are also pumped full off antibiotics, hormones, steroids, and are dipped in pesticides. Over half the cattle and nearly all pigs, calves, and poultry are fed a steady diet of antibiotics and related Jarboe 2 medications to help control diseases. No one is sure what the long term side effects may be for people who consume these meat and dairy products (145). Have you ever seen a big rig driving down a highway hauling cattle? A trucker hauling livestock can legally drive two to three days nonstop leaving the creatures without food or water. Truckers who do stop to rest or water their cargo do so because they choose to, not because the law requires it . It is not surprising that much livestock is driven through days of suffocating heat and below zero nights uncared for, crowded, and sometimes literally frightened to death. Some of the animals arriving alive at the slaughter house have broken limbs or other injuries due to crowding and piling. At the journeys end the cattle are already confused and frightened at their treatment and strange surroundings. Now they must be sent through such procedures such as castration, dehorning, branding, and injections and various chemicals (Null, 86-87). The four slaughtering methods the government has declared humane are captive bolt, carbon dioxide, electrical stunning, and gunshot. The methods were devised from the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958. The Act says that all livestock must be unconscience before slaughtering. Unfortunately, the act has not provisions for punishment of those who choose to use an inhumane slaughtering technique (Sussman, 223). Captive bolt gun, which is usually used on cattle, uses compressed air or blank cartridges. The device fires a thick bolt into the animals forehead. Some bolts are designed to stun the animal by concussion rather than penetration of the skull. Carbon dioxide is used on swine and sometimes sheep and calves. The animals ride on a conveyor belt into a pit filled with 65-75% concentration on carbon dioxide. The gas causes the animals to become unconscience. The electric stunner is handled by a packing house worker on any kind of animal. .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .postImageUrl , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:hover , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:visited , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:active { border:0!important; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:active , .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2661288698d0b9a0797a39a37d3f23ec:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Online Dating Sites And Mobile Dating Apps Essay The stunners are shoved against the animal, shocking it into insensibility. If not handled correctly, the electical stunner can cause temporary paralyzation. Jarboe 3 The gunshot method is preferred among small operations and most farmers. A .22 or .38 caliber bullet is shot into the animals brain. Unfortunately, if the animal moves its head at the wrong time, the bullet can miss the desired spot causing the animal to bleed in agony until another bullet is fired (224-226). Chickens continue to be treated like .

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Catholic Art verse Protestant Art essays

Catholic Art verse Protestant Art essays In this essay I am going to show the differences and similarities between Catholic and Protestant art works. I am first going to give a brief background into the history of the time. I am going to explain how the Protestant movement started and how it effected the art works of the relevant countries. I am going to show that the conflict between the two religions created war and social unrest between countries. I am then going to show the differences and similarities between the two. I will then use examples of art works from Vermeer, Rembrandt, Caravaggio and Rubens to show the differences and similarities. At the beginning of the 16th Century, there was a group of people who broke away from the Catholic Church. They were led by Martin Luther, and the group which broke away was called the Protestants. The Protestant group challenged the workings of the Catholic Church - they believed that if a person wanted to speak to God, they did not have to go and speak to a priest, to have what they wanted said to God. The Protestants believed that the Catholic Church had been taking an unfair advantage of the people. The Catholic Church at this point in time was losing members to the Protestant movement. They were not pleased with this. They tried in all their power to get people back to the church. One of the main ways that they tried to get people back was through the art. They had work that was bold and striking, it caught the imagination of the viewer. It awed them, tried to get them to belong to the Catholic Church. During this time in history, the Kings and Queens of countries where very religious. They were either Catholic or Protestant in faith. In these specific countries the art work of the chosen faith was supported and even promoted. Hence, the Catholic faith was based around the countries of Spain and Italy. The Protestant faith was based around the Netherlands and Germany. Due to...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Introduction of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Introduction of Management - Essay Example He has to understand the team and be a transformational leader himself. He also has to modify his own behaviour incorporating the behavioural theory in his leadership style. He also has to use transactional style of leadership to reward and punish the employees appropriately. Also, he has to keep in mind that these employees have been working in this firm for a long time and have good relations with the owner which could work negatively for him. In the last section of the report it is illustrated how power can influence leadership. The right kind of power has to be given to the right person so that leadership can be healthy and meaningful. If powers are wrongly distributed or used then it would hamper leadership instead of helping it. The right kind of leadership is essential for productivity of the firm. The employees cannot work appropriately in an environment where the leadership is sloppy. The employees need direction and goals and someone who binds them together making them into a team. This can only be done by a good leader who has leadership qualities and who knows just how to distribute powers and motivates the employees. Any imbalance in the above would cause misuse of powers by the employees and the leader himself which would inturn produce dissatisfaction among the employees affecting the production directly (Torbert 2004). The main problem of leadership in this situation is the lack of leadership qualities in the leader. He lacked the competencies of a good leader. This is the reason why the employees were unable to work in a team. He was not able to make them work together. Instead they became divided into two broad groups and worked on their own with no one to monitor their work and productivity, the previous supervisor was not bothered and concerned as he himself was not motivated about the productivity and deadlines of work (Coleman, 2004, pp. 297-319). According to Howell

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Strolling along the Narrow Paths into the Deep Forest Essay

Strolling along the Narrow Paths into the Deep Forest - Essay Example A soft waft of air tickles the leaves above creating a flip-flopping light underground – something romantically perfect for couples. Going to the forest is one of the best voyages in life to take. God indeed loves humanity as it manifests through the perfect beauty of the nature surrounding us. I can remember one sunny and blissful morning when I decided to take a trip to an outskirt nearby. Half a kilometer away, I could tell that one blissful reunion would take place later that day. Because I am a forest addict, I had the cheek to go there all by myself. Just like what most forest goers encounter, I had my share of stern tests. Before getting to the heart of the timberland, I knew that I had to go through tough challenges. Nevertheless, these challenges would not tarnish attitude towards this place since the way I feel while am at this place outweighs the few challenges I have to encounter. Therefore, no matter how many challenges I would encounter, it enhances my confidence and attitude towards the place; thus, giving me a good reason why I will always consider it the best place I can be in the world. Finally, I arrived at the doorstep of the jungle, and the first thing I saw was a cohort of vibrant buds bowing their heads down to welcome me, and although quite silly, I felt, as I was treated royally. As I hovered above my head, I could see the wild vines meshing up with each other to form a lovely wild curtain; I could also hear the birds chirping tones in mirth. It gave the impression as if they were chanting out in harmony to serenade me. I stared down and saw my leather booths muddled up with some thick mud clinging around them, but I knew the sludge was not going to stay there for long as the spiky fingers of the rye were ready to wipe them out. When I finally took several steps inward, it seemed as time has traveled so fast that day. In fact, the surroundings turned rather gloomy, although everything  was still in sight. This reminded me that and that I would finally leave and get back to the normal life.  

Sunday, November 17, 2019

How useful are Marx ideas to understanding the problems and struggles Essay

How useful are Marx ideas to understanding the problems and struggles of our 21st century - Essay Example According to Marx, the problem of society is rooted in equality between classes. Free trade had unmasked the true picture of society by giving us a clear image of â€Å"brutal exploitation† in the face of civilization. In the 21st century, the picture painted by Marx during his time can still be vividly seen and observed all over the world. If you take a closer look at the big establishments that ruled the industries nowadays, you will notice that these companies and are becoming like dynasties where the top ranking corporate executives lord the place and the lives of the employees. Although learned individuals may argue that employment is but a matter of choice, such choice is not easy to make nowadays for the lack of better opportunities available. This scenario is comparable to the time of landlords and serfs where the farmers don’t really have a choice but to toil in the face of unfair conditions for fear that he/she will lose the land and compromise the survival of his/her family. Much as we would like to view labor in our present time as a form of capital, it is still viewed as a form of commodity that people trade and is subject to market fluctuations of supply and demand thus the continuing antagonism between class of individuals such as the skilled and the unskilled labor. This phenomenon cause the prices of labor in other parts of the world to be cheaper than that in the United States and other developed countries.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Substation And Equipment Surge Protection Engineering Essay

Substation And Equipment Surge Protection Engineering Essay Substation and Equipment Surge Protection: Types, characteristics, related calculations, examples with applications for industrial systems Gautami BhattAbstract-This paper describes the various types of surge protectors, their types and characteristics. This paper will also describes lightning surge arrestors, about them and how the power system is protected against them. Index Terms-surge, lightening, switching, BIL, insulation, protection, substation INTRODUCTION Each electrical equipment should have a long service life of more than 25 years. The conductors are supported on insulators/embedded in insulation system. The internal and external insulation is continually exposed to normal voltages and occasional abnormal voltages. These abnormal voltages include temporary over voltages at power frequency, lightening surges and switching surges. Over voltages at power frequency have a low over voltage factor but a longer duration while the latter have higher voltage duration and lesser duration. Protection against power frequency over voltages is achieved by employing an over voltage relay at the secondary of a transformer or by using an Inverse definite-Minimum Time Overvoltage Relay. Protection against transient voltage surges is achieved by the help of Surge arrtestors. The surge arrestors, coordinated spark gaps, surge suppressors, over heard ground wires, neutral earthing, shunt capacitors etc. are located strategically to intercept the lightening surges or to reduce the peak and rate of rise of surges. Protective systems for the different abnormal voltages act at different speeds depending on the over voltage. Temporary power frequency over voltage occurs for anything between ms to s and hence the over voltage relay acts within 70ms. Lightening surges last for micro seconds and thus typically the surge arrestor acts within 1.2micro seconds. Switching surges are in the range of a couple of hundred micro seconds and surge arrestors for them are typically designed for 100micro seconds. This paper focuses on lightening surges, their types, protection against them, and the different types of lightning surge arrestors. LIGHTENING OVER-VOLTAGES Lightening Benjamin Franklin (1706-90) performed his famous experiment (1745) of kite flying in thunder cloud. Before his discovery lightening was considered to be Act of God. Franklin proved that the lightening stroke was due to discharge of electricity. Franklin also invented lightening rods to be fixed on tall buildings and earthed to protect them from lightening strokes. The large spark accompanied by light produced by an abrupt, discontinuous discharge of electricity through the air, from the clouds generally under turbulent conditions of atmosphere is called lightening. Representative values of a lightening stroke: Voltage: 200MV Current: 40MA Duration: 10^-5 sec KW:810^9 KWh:22 Energy: An overhead conductor accumulates statically induced charge when charged clouds come above the conductor. If the cloud is swept away from its place, the charges on the conductor are released. The charge travels on either sides giving rise to two travelling waves. The earth wire does not prevent such surges. Another curious phenomenon is the unpredictable paths of lightening strokes. Normally they try to reach the earth and are therefore intercepted by lightning rods, trees, tall structures, etc. Empire state building has been struck by lightning several times. However some lightning strokes do not observe any rules and travel in all sorts of Haphazard fashion. A B type stroke occurs due to sudden change in the charges of the cloud. If cloud 1 suddenly discharges to cloud 2, there is a sudden change in the charge on cloud 3. A discharge that occurs between cloud 3 and earth is called B stroke. Such stroke does not hit lightening rod, or earth wire. No protection can be provided to the over head line against such strokes. Attractive effect of Over Head ground wire and earth rods (MASTS): Earth rods (also called lightning rod) are placed on tall buildings. These are connected to the earth. The positive charges accumulate on the sharp points of the lightning rods; this is why lightning strokes are attracted to them. The earth wires are placed above the over head transmission lines. At every tower this wire is grounded. The positive charges accumulate on this wire. The negatively charged strokes are attracted by the earth wire. In absence of the earth wire the lightening stroke would strike the line conductors causing flashovers in transmission line. Earth wires do not provide 100% protection. Weak strokes are not attracted by earth wires. B type strokes are not attracted by earth wires. None the less earth wire has proved to be a good solution to very dangerous direct strokes. Earth wires have a shielding angle. The conductors coming in the shielding zone are protected against direct strokes. The shielding angle is between 30 to 40 degrees. An angle is 35 degrees is said to be economical and satisfactory for Overhead lines. Overhead Shielding Screen (earthed) The equipments in a substation are protected from direct lightning strikes by one of the following ways. Overhead shielding scree(Earthed). Covering the overhead lines approaching the substation Lightning Masts installed at strategic locations in the switchyard. The tower-top is earthed. Mast is an independent structure. According to IEC masts are preferred for outdoor switchyards upto 33KV. For 66KV and above, the lightning masts become too tall and uneconomical. The overhead shielding wires are preferred because they give adequate protection and the height of structures in the substation provided with overhead shielding wires is comparatively less than that for the lightning masts The entire switchyard is provided with earthed overhead shielding screen. The size of conductor is usually 7/9SWG, galvanized steel round stranded conductor. Transmission line conductors are protected by overhead shielding conductor (earthed). The shielding angle (alpha) is defined as follows. A vertical line is drawn from the earth wire. Angle alpha is plotted on each side of this vertical line. The envelope within angle 2alpha is called the zone of protection. The shielding angle according to ANSI is defined as 30 degrees while in the IEC world it is 45 degrees. The clearance between phase conductor and overhead shielding wire should be more than minimum phase to earth clearance. Lightning Strikes on Over Head Lines These can be the following: Direct strikes on line conductor, direct stroke on tower top, direct stroke on ground wire and indirect stroke or B stroke on overhead line conductor. Direct strikes on overhead lines are the most harmful. The voltage being of the order several million volts, the insulators flashover, puncture, and get shattered. The wave travels to both sides shattering line insulators, until the surge is dissipated sufficiently. The wave travels to both sides shattering line insulators, until the surge is dissipated sufficiently. The wave reaches the substation and produces stress on equipment insulators. At times these strikes are prevented from striking the line conductor. All high voltage overhead lines are protected by earth conductors. This mesh covers the complete switchyard. Direct Strokes on tower-top Consider, L = inductance, I = Current in tower, R =Effective resistance of tower. e = voltage surge between tower-top and earth. So if the change in current with respect to time is 10KA/ and the resistance is 5 ohms and inductance being 10micro Henry. Then e will be 200KV. This surge voltage appears between the tower top and earth. The line conditions are virtually at earth potential because of neutral grounding. Hence voltage appears between the tower top and earth. The line conductors are virtually at earth potential because of neutral grounding. Hence its voltage appears between line conductors and tower-top. If this surge voltage exceeds impulse flash-over level, a flash-over occurs between the tower and the line conductor. Therefore the resistance is kept low for each tower. A direct stroke on earth wire in the mid-span can cause a flashover between line conductor and earth wire or line conductor and tower. Indirect strikes on line conductor can have the same effect as direct stroke on conductor. They are more harmful for distribution lines but are not significant for EHV lines. Other factors are low tower footing resistance insulation level of lines. For lines rated above 110KV voltage level, the line insulation is high and back flashovers are rare. For line between 11KV and 33KV, the insulation of lines is relatively low and back flashovers are likely to occur. Protective devices against lightning surges Several devices are used in order to protect the power system against lightning surges. An overview of them is given here while some are discussed in detail. A. Overview of protective devices against lightening surges Device Where Applied Remarks Rod gaps across insulator string, bushing insulator, support insulator Difficult to coordinate Flashover voltage varies by Create dead short circuit Cheap Over heat ground wires (earthed) Above overhead lines Above substation area Provides effective protection against direct strokes on line conductors, towers, substation equipment Vertical Masts In substations Used instead of providing overhead shielding wires Lightning spikes/rods (earthed) Above tall buildings Protects buildings against direct strokes. Angle of protection between 30 to 40 Lightning arrestors On incoming lines in each substation Near terminals of transformers and generators Pole mounted on distribution lines Diverts overvoltage to earth without causing short-circuit Used at every voltage level in every substation and for each line Phase to ground Surge absorbers Near rotating machines or switchgear Across series reactor valves Resistance capacitance combination absorbs the over voltage surge and reduces steepness of wave B. Rod gaps The simplest protection of line insulators, equipment insulators and bushings is given by Rod gaps or coordinating gaps. The conducting rods are provided between line terminal and earthed terminal of the insulator with an adjustable gap. The medium in the gap is air. The rods are approximately 12mm in dia. or square. The gap is adjusted to breakdown at about 20% below flash-over voltage of insulator. The distance between arc path and insulator should be more than 1/3 of the gap length. Precise protection is not possible by rod gaps. The break-down voltage varies with polarity, steepness and wave-shape, weather. The power frequency currents continue to flow even after the high voltage surge has vanished. This creates an earth fault only to be interrupted by a circuit breaker. Operation of rod gap therefore leads to discontinuity of supply. The advantage of gap is low cost and easy adjustment on site. For more precise operation, surge arrestors are used. Horngaps, the gap between the horns is less at the bottom and large at the top. An arc is produced at the bottom during high voltage surge. This arc commutes along the horn due to electromagnetic field action and length increases. The arc may blow out. Impulse ratio of protective devices is the ratio of breakdown voltage on specified impulse wave to breakdown voltage at power frequency. Typical impulse ratio values are Sphere gap: 1 Rod gap: 1.6 to 3 Horn gap: 2 to 3 LIGHTNING ARRESTORS Surge arrestors are usually connected between phase and ground in the distribution system; around the terminals of large medium voltage rotating machines and in HV, EHV, HVDC sub-stations to protect the apparatus insulation from lightning surges and switching surges. The resistor blocks in the surge arrestor offer low resistance to high voltage surge and divert the high voltage surge to ground. Thereby the insulation of the protected installation is not subjected to the full surge voltage. The surge voltage does not create short-circuit like rod gaps and retains the residual voltage across its terminals. Surge arrestor discharges current impulse surge to earth and dissipates energy in the form of heat. After discharging the impulse wave to the earth, the resistor blocks in the surge arrester offers a very high resistance to normal power frequency voltage, acting like an open circuit. Some of the types of surge arresters being used today in the industry are Gapped-Silicon-carbide Surge arrestors called the valve-type or conventional Gapped arrestors. These consist of silicon-carbide discs in series with spark gap units. Zinc-Oxide Gapless Arrestors called the ZnO Arrestors or metal oxide arrestors. These are gapless and consist of Zinc oxide discs in series. ZnO arrestors have superior V/I characteristics and higher energy absorption level. They are preferred for EHV and HVDC installations. Fig.1-A ZnO surge arrestor[1] Gap-type Sic Arrestors are connected between phase and earth. It consists of silicon-carbide resistor elements in series with gap elements. The resistor elements offer non-linear resistance at power frequencies, the resistor elements in series offer high resistance with gap elements. The resistor elements offer non linear resistance, at power frequency frequency over voltages, the resistance offered is large. For discharge currents the resistance is low. The gap unit consists of air gaps of appropriate length. During normal voltages, the surge arrestor does not conduct. When a surge wave travelling along the line reaches the surge arrester, the gap breaks down. Since the resistance being offered to it is low, the wave is diverted to earth. After a few micro seconds the normal frequency wave reappears across the arrester. Therefore arc current in gap unit reduces and the voltage across the gap is not enough to keep up the arc. Therefore the current flowing to the earth s automatically interrupted by and normal condition is restored. Thus, the high voltage surge is discharged to earth and the insulation of the equipments connected to it are protected. Fig.2- Charecteristics of ZnO block[1] CLASSIFICATION OF SURGE ARRESTORS Surge arresters can be classified based on voltage, current, and energy capability as follows Station Type Line Type Distribution Type Standard normal current peak(A) 10,000 5000 2500:1500 Voltage rating (Kv rms) 3.3-245 3.3-123 Upto 3.3 Application Large power stations and large substations Intermediate and medium substations Distribution system; rural distribution SURGE ARRESTORS, SPECIFICATION AND TERMS Some of the terms and definitions related to surge arrestors are given here in order to better understand the content given in this paper. Surge Arrestor is a device designed to protect electrical equipment from transient high voltage, to limit the duration and amplitude of the follow current. Non-linear resistor. The part of the arrester which offers a low resistance to the flow of discharge currents thus limiting the voltage across the arrestor terminals and high resistance to power frequency voltage, thus limiting the magnitude of follow current. Rated voltage of the arrester is the maximum permissible RMS voltage between the line terminal of the arrestor as designated by the manufacturer. It should be noted that all equipments are rated by the phase to phase voltage rating but for surge arresters phase to ground rating is the rated voltage. Follow Current is the current that flows from connected power source through lightening arrester following the passage of the passage of the discharge current Normal discharge current is the surge current that flows through the surge arrester after the spark over, expressed in crest value (peak value) for a specified wave. This term is used in classifying surge arrester as station type, line type distribution type. Discharge current is the current flowing through the surge arrester after the spark over. Power frequency spark-over voltage is the rms value of the power frequency voltage applied between the line and earth terminals of arrester and earth which causes spark over of the series gap. Impulse spark over voltages. Highest value of voltage attained during an impulse of given polarity, of specified wave shape applied between the line terminal and the earth of an arrester before the flow of discharge current. Residual Voltage (discharge voltage) is the voltage that appears between the line terminals and earth during the passage of the discharge current. Rated current of a surge arrester is the maximum impulse current at which the peak discharge residual voltage is determined. Coefficient of earthing is the ratio of the highest rms voltage of healthy phase to earhh to the phase to phase nominal voltage time hundred expressed in percentage during an earth fault on one phase. Thus, for an effectively earthed system the coefficient of earthing Ce Therefore surge arrester voltage is Ua > 0.8 * Um rms Surge voltage (Vs) KV instantaneous is taken as 2.5 times Critical Flash Over Voltage (CFOV) of line insulation. Therefore discharge current Ia is given by . TESTS ON SURGE ARRESTERS The following are the list of standard tests performed on a surge arrester according to the IEC 1/50 impulse spark over test. Wave front impulse sparkover test. Peak discharge residual voltage at low current. Peak discharge residual voltage at rated diverter current. Impulse current withstand test. Switching-impulse voltage test. Discharge capability of durability. Transmission line discharge test. Low current long-duration test. Power duty cycle test. Pressure-relief test. Acknowledgment The author would like to sincerely thank and express her gratitude to Prof. Robert Spiewak for his guidance and support and the references he provided. K.C. Agrawal, Industrial Power engineering applications handbook, Newnes Power Engineering Series S. Rao, Switchgear Protection and Power systems, Khanna Publications IEEE Std. 141, IEEE Recommended Practice for electrical Power distribution for industrial plants Gautami Bhatt (MEE10) is a M.E.E in Power and Control Engineering from the University of Houston.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Handling of information in social care settings Essay

1.1 Identify the legislation that relates to the recording, storage and sharing of information in social care. The Data Protection Act 1998 controls how your personal information is used by organisations, businesses and the government. Everyone responsible for using data or storing data has to follow strict rules called ‘Data protection principles’ these are as follows: Used fairly and lawfully used for specifically stated purposes kept for no longer than is absolutely necessary kept safe and secure Not transferred outside the UK without adequate protection For more sensitive information such as ethnic background, political opinions, religious beliefs, health, sexual health and criminal records there is stronger legal protection. The Freedom of information act 2000 provides public access to information held by public authorities. Public authorities are obliged to publish certain information about the activities and members of the public are entitled to request information from public authorities. The Act covers any recorded information that is held by a public authority in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, and by UK-wide public authorities based in Scotland. Information held by Scottish public authorities is covered by Scotland’s own Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act 2002. Public Authorities include Government departments, local authorities, the NHS, state schools and the police force. Recorded information includes printed documents, computer files, letters, emails, photographs, and sound or video  recordings. The Act does not give people access to their own personal data such as their health records or credit reference file. If a member of the public wants to see information that a public authority holds about them, they should make a subject access request under the Data Protection Act 1998. 1.2 Explain why it is important to have secure systems for recording and storing information in a social care setting. The various Acts of Parliament that relate to the handling, storing and sharing of information include amongst others The Data Protection Act 1998, Mental Capacity Act 2005, Human Rights Act 1998, Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. It is important to have secure system for recording and storing information in a health and social care setting as all information relating to clients must be kept confidential at all times except when we are legally required to disclose this information, for example, when a court warrant has been issued requesting certain information. Information on Care Home clients and in house information is valuable and critical to the business of the Home. We all rely on information to store and process information, so it is essential that we maintain Information Security, Insecure information can lead to: †¢ Violation of an individual’s human and civil rights; action or deliberate inaction that results in neglect and/or physical, sexual, emotional or financial harm. Abuse can be perpetrated by one or more people (either known or not known to the victim) or can take the form of institutional abuse within an organisation; it can be a single or a repeated act. †¢ The extent to which people are able to receive the information, services or care they need and are not discouraged from seeking help. Issues involved include distance of travel; physical access (e.g. premises suitable for wheelchairs); communication (e.g. information in Braille/large print and other formats); and the provision of culturally appropriate services. Outcome 2 know how to access support for handling information in social care settings. 2.1 Describe how to access guidance, information and advice about handling information. There are many ways to access guidance and information, and advice on handling information, the first people you would speak to are your managers, seniors, office staff and work colleges, they will know where information is kept, how to access that information and how to input information in the future. They will also be able to tell you what sort of information is confidential, what information can be shared and how to do this in a professional manner. You will also be able to find out all this by using the internet reading up in books and attending more training. 2.2 Explain what actions to take when there are concerns over the recording, storing or sharing of information. Information recorded in a patient’s records is confidential under both common law and the Data Protection Act 1998, and must be protected by health and social care staff. Systems for the safe storage of records must be in place, and no†one should have access to the records or the information contained therein unless they are directly involved in the care of the client, or the client has given permission. Under the Data Protection Act clients can have access to their records, subject to a situation where disclosure is likely to cause serious harm to the physical or mental health or condition of the client or any other person. If you find out any activities that are harmful to the client, staff or the home itself you must report these, some examples are. Illegal activities Miscarriages of justice Risks to health and safety Abuse of clients Misuse of public funds Fraud and corruption Damage to the environment Public Disclosure Act. The Public Interest Disclosure Act provides workers with protection from dismissal or other damage as a result of making a disclosure of information in the public interest about wrongdoing at work. Such disclosures are protected if they are done according to the Act’s provisions. Disclosures may be made to the employer, prescribed regulatory bodies or on a wider basis to the Police. The Act’s protection is strongest where workers raise matters with their employers.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Employment Story Essay

I first joined the army in 1996 and have been part of what most soldiers probably considers as the most important unit of any command, the Food Supply Unit. My battlefield is the kitchen where I rose from the ranks where my army soldier rank promotions became commensurate to my rise in the kitchen ranks. When I became Private First Class in 98, I also earned the title of First Cook. 2001 saw me become a Staff Sergeant on the field and a Senior First Cook in the Mess Kitchen. Currently, I am now Sergeant First Class and serving as the Dining Facility Manager as well. Being a Dining Facility Manager is not an easy job. I have to know how to manage twenty-five people and multi task between meal planning, cooking, and food distribution at base camp and on the field. Sometimes, it can turn into a real headache, especially when I have to accomplish the job in a war zone situation. I have done everything from planning meal drops to soldiers on the field, preparing the commanding officers meals, and when unavoidable, I can plan wedding receptions for my comrades who get married on base camp as well. I believe that I have served both my country and my fellow soldiers well. Together with my unit, I have done duty on two peace keeping missions as well as served in the war. I know that a soldier cannot fight on an empty stomach that is why my priority on the battle field is to make sure that all the units are well fed regardless of the combat situation. When somebody offers me a new job, I always tell that person the story about how I got to combine my two passions in the world into one very important job. I’ve always been a patriot and a cook at heart. Working in the army has allowed me to live my dream job. That is to serve and protect my country and the free world while cooking up a storm and learning new recipes while serving on the field.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Free Essays on South Korea

In Webster’s dictionary, economic growth is defined as a positive change in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period. Around 1953 South Korea realized that for their economy to grow they must develop manufacturing skills so they could reduce the amount of money being spent on foreign goods and redistribute it further throughout the country. For a short period, the Korean government even forced their own people to work for lower wages so profits would increase and force the economy to progress. Even though this was not a traditional proposal, the effects seemed to help the country advance. In addition to the financial problems, South Korea also needed to address other major issues such as, transportation, agricultural, and manufacturing. In the late 1950’s, South Korea decided that they needed to revamp their already existing highways and its public transport system. Not only did this make commuting easier but they new technology make theirs one of the best in the world. As for agricultural, the government realized that many of their people still gained a living form farming. So to maximize their profits they decided to introduce fertilizers this not only increased productivity but also helped them become self-sufficient in the food industry. For manufacturing, it did not begin to become propionate until the late 1960’s when the farmers decided they no longer wanted to be regulated by the government. After this action was taken, they slowly started to introduce themselves as predominate producers in ships, memory chips, automotives, and technology. However, as for today, all of these issues are still somewhat important but slowly, the demand for high-tech industry has taken over and made South Korea’s economic growth continue to thrive off it.... Free Essays on South Korea Free Essays on South Korea In Webster’s dictionary, economic growth is defined as a positive change in the level of production of goods and services by a country over a certain period. Around 1953 South Korea realized that for their economy to grow they must develop manufacturing skills so they could reduce the amount of money being spent on foreign goods and redistribute it further throughout the country. For a short period, the Korean government even forced their own people to work for lower wages so profits would increase and force the economy to progress. Even though this was not a traditional proposal, the effects seemed to help the country advance. In addition to the financial problems, South Korea also needed to address other major issues such as, transportation, agricultural, and manufacturing. In the late 1950’s, South Korea decided that they needed to revamp their already existing highways and its public transport system. Not only did this make commuting easier but they new technology make theirs one of the best in the world. As for agricultural, the government realized that many of their people still gained a living form farming. So to maximize their profits they decided to introduce fertilizers this not only increased productivity but also helped them become self-sufficient in the food industry. For manufacturing, it did not begin to become propionate until the late 1960’s when the farmers decided they no longer wanted to be regulated by the government. After this action was taken, they slowly started to introduce themselves as predominate producers in ships, memory chips, automotives, and technology. However, as for today, all of these issues are still somewhat important but slowly, the demand for high-tech industry has taken over and made South Korea’s economic growth continue to thrive off it....

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management The WritePass Journal

The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management Introduction The importance of pharmacovigilance in risk management IntroductionOBJECTIVEBACKGROUNDCONCEPT OF PHARMACOVIGILANCEPHARMACOVIGILANCE RESPONSIBILITYMarketing Authorisation Holder (MAH):Competent Authorities (CA)KEY STEPS IN PHARMACOVIGILANCESignal detectionBenefit-risk AssessmentPharmacovigilance during pre-authorisationPharmacovigilance during post-authorisationPHARMACOVIGILANCE REPORTINGPeriodic Safety Update Reports (PSUR)RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (RMP)EU Risk Management PlanPHARMACOVIGILANCE PENALTIESEUDRAVIGILANCEPRACTICAL APPROACH TO PHARMACOVIGILANCENEW 2010 PHARMACOVIGILANCE LEGISLATIONSUCCESS EXAMPLES OF PHARMACOVIGILANCECONCLUSIONLIST OF REFERENCESRelated Introduction OBJECTIVE Every medicinal product has its own risk-benefit ratio. The products, whose benefits to the patients overweigh its risk, are approved by the Competent Authorities (CA). The approved products do not mean that they have no side effects. Actually every medicinal product has some side-effects and it’s very important to identify the side-effects throughout its lifecycle. The process of constant monitoring of the medicinal product throughout the product lifecycle is called Pharmacovigilance. The aim of pharmacovigilance is to protect people by identifying, detecting, characterising, monitoring and communicating risk for rational and safe use of medicines.1 These benefit-risk findings helps to take decision regarding safety of the medicinal product by regulators, company, physicians and patients.2 BACKGROUND In 1961, after disaster of thalidomide, it has been brought forward that post-authorisation data was not sufficient to detect early warning signs of the drug safety.3 If Pharmacovigilance system were in place during that time; such a disaster would be minimised. To avoid any such disaster in future Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH) Competent Authority (CA) work together to ensure that pharmacovigilance system is maintained and patient’s safety is not compromised. CONCEPT OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE In general, pharmacovigilance have no boundaries and it should be performed to all medicinal products throughout its lifecycle. Rapid and effective assessment of drug safety is achieved by early information of any unintended effect. Innovative and generic companies have to follow the same requirements with regards to updating the safety specification.4 Currently, the pharmacovigilance system is set as per guidance, Regulation EC/726/2004 Directive 2004/27/EC. Volume 9A and ICH guidelines PHARMACOVIGILANCE RESPONSIBILITY Marketing Authorisation Holder (MAH): In current situation, it’s very difficult to identify a new product and new product application is expensive and time-consuming process. To make a blockbuster product; MAH focus thoroughly on Pharmacovigilance system to avoid any disappointment at the later stage of the product lifecycle as it’s very essential for survival of the company. The importance of Pharmacovigilance is that if successful product fails to detect early signals, company also fails to protect its brand identity. The first step initiated by MAH is to ensure that proper pharmacovigilance system is set up to detect signal of any adverse effect and risk management plans should be in place to minimise its impact.3 To perform above activities, MAH appoints a QPPV who is responsible for,5 Collecting and collating all suspected adverse effects globally and establish benefit-risk balance to submit to CA. Preparing and submitting Periodic Safety Update Review (PSUR), Individual Case Safety Review (ICSR), pre post-authorisation studies to the CA through electronic reporting. Reviewing safety issues and product defects. Conducting internal audit of pharmacovigilance system and ensure management of database. Along with Pharmacovigilance team, company also build Risk Management Team or Crisis Management Team who plays a vital role in minimising the impact of any adverse reactions on the product and the company. Competent Authorities (CA) Along with MAH, CA also develop their Pharmacovigilance team who performs studies like MAH to evaluate the safety performance of the medicinal product. It is also the responsibility of MAH to provide timely and correct information of any signal detected to the CA. CA also evaluate Pharmacovigilance system of the MAH by routine inspections conducted by national authorities to check the system and facilities are in accordance as mentioned in Detailed Description of Pharmacovigilance System (DDPS)6. Apart from routine inspections, certain factors that triggers the inspections are,5 Delays in carry out safety reporting Incomplete or poor quality reporting Inconsistency between reports Changes in benefit-risk balance and failure to communicate to CA. Hence considering the importance of Pharmacovigilance, both MAH and CA take joint responsibility to safeguard public health. KEY STEPS IN PHARMACOVIGILANCE Once the MAH Pharmacovigilance system is set, the key factors are, Signal detection Signal detection is initiated by MAH as well as CA. At any stage during the product lifecycle, if unintended effect is detected, it prompts to evaluate the reason for its happening. Generally MAH should be first to detect any signal, but if is detected by CA, it means that MAH pharmacovigilance system is not efficient and inspections are required to verify the pharmacovigilance set up. The adverse effect signal can be detected by: Constant monitoring in-house studies conducted by MAH. Spontaneous ADR reporting: where a healthcare professional reports any adverse effect to the MAH or CA from patients experiences as well as from his own studies.5  Ã‚   MAH evaluates if a casual or suspected relationship is determined between adverse reaction and medicinal product. Once it is confirmed that relationship exists, MAH should inform CA within 15 days of the occurring of the adverse reaction.5 For cases where patient contacts the MAH directly regarding any adverse reaction, MAH should advice the patient to contact the healthcare professional. Once the adverse reactions are confirmed by healthcare professional, it should be documented by MAH as spontaneous adverse reactions. Prescription Event Monitoring (PEM): It is a hybrid method of data collection from surveillance as well as spontaneous adverse effects. Here all the prescriptions when dispensed are collected and analysed to give an idea of which patients are exposed to which medicines, time of exposure and any signal detected during their therapy.3 Worldwide reports published for ICSR published on Medline or Embase etc helps MAH to be aware of the incidents and can get prepared for such adverse reaction incidents.5 Such literature or internet references should be reviewed atleast once or twice fortnight. If the product is authorised by CP, it should be reported to Eudravigilance, but if the product is authorised through MRP or DCP, CA of the RMS should be reported. Here RMS takes the leading role and contacts respective CMS regarding of reporting any such adverse reaction.25 All the regional wise signals detected are collected by local affiliates and then they are reported to the main office The MAH collects this information globally through local affiliates and reporting to the central office as well as collecting information through websites. Benefit-risk Assessment Once the signal is detected, benefits of medicinal product are assessed on the information of cure or improve rate of the symptoms, the response rate and quality of life. The risk involved is assessed as spontaneous adverse reactions, frequency and presence of risk factors, epidemiological data as well as overdose, misuse or medication errors.5 MAH should try to improve the benefit-risk balance to optimise safe use of the medicines. To effectively monitor the safety performance of the medicine by the CA, it is decided to report periodically which is known as Periodic Safety Update Review (PSUR). Pharmacovigilance during pre-authorisation From drug discovery till the application is submitted, MAH performs several non-clinical and clinical studies to establish benefit-risk balance. Once the product is in application but not granted, if any unintended effect is seen, MAH evaluate the impact of unintended effect and inform to the CA. But there are several limitations to pre-authorisation stages like, 5 limited people population, limited time of exposure of medicine, limited age sex, geographical, ethnicity people limited scope of interactions with other medicines. Pharmacovigilance during post-authorisation But when the product is authorised, it is widely prescribed in different class of patients. This gives more opportunity to identify any unintended risk or potential risk which was not identified during pre-authorisation studies. Hence post-authorisation studies are very essential to detect any such changes in benefit-risk balance and its reporting is through PSUR. To make the post-authorisation robust, MAH maintains the list of information regarding safety, indications, dosing and pharmacology which is called Company Core Data Sheet (CCDS). CCDS proves as a reference to evaluate the change in benefit-risk balance. If any new adverse reaction is reported, CCDS data is updated to reflect changes.27 PHARMACOVIGILANCE REPORTING Periodic Safety Update Reports (PSUR) PSUR is intended to review worldwide safety profile of the product and ensure that SmPC, labelling and leaflet are up-to-date. It is performed to evaluate the data of latest safety reports and to conclude that safety benefit-risk balance is not changed. If there is any change in safety data, appropriate actions should be taken for amendments of current information through increased market surveillance.7   Single PSUR is required to be submitted per MA which include all indications, dosage forms and route of administration. The main contents of PSUR are,5 Executive summary Introduction Worldwide market authorisation status Update to regulatory authority Changes to reference safety information Patient exposure Individual case histories Overall safety evaluation Conclusion Appendix: company core data PSUR reporting to CA is derived from the date of birth of the medicinal product. The date when the medicinal product was approved is call International Birth Date (IBD).5 Considering IBD, PSUR is submitted, Every six months from authorisation until it is placed in the market Every six months for first two years Annually for next two years and thereafter every 3 years Product submitted for renewal In certain cases, where PSUR is not submitted on time, additional 30 days are allowed to submit PSUR. For generic and well established product, PSUR submission dates can be amended depending on the benefit-risk profile of the product. But in all cases, prior permission should be taken from CA.5 During renewal submission, the PSUR report should cover 4 years and 4 months. Renewal can be submitted before 6 months.5   As PSUR submission is calculated as per IBD, renewal should not be affect by PSUR reporting and similar reporting cycle should be followed. RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN (RMP) As all actual or potential side-effects are not identified during studies, so along with pharmacovigilance activities which detect any unintended effects, there should also be Risk Management Plan (RMP) to minimise the impact of any such unintended effects. RMP identifies the risk, clarifies the safety profile and decide alternative ways to minimise risk to the patients.15 As every product has different pharmacological actions and differ in safety profiles, separate RMP should be designed for each product. RMP should also identify multiple risks. RMP comprised of 4 steps:5 Risk detection Risk assessment Risk minimisation Risk communication EU Risk Management Plan All products authorised within the EU should have approved EU-RMP maintained throughout the product lifecycle. EU RMP contains, Safety Specification   These are certain data which are not clearly addressed during non-clinical and clinical trials like toxicity, drug interactions, pharmacology pharmacological class, population not studied, epidemiology and adverse events. Hence it is the summary of important identified risks, potential risk and some missing information.13 It should also highlight the population at risk and highlights the requirement for further study. The safety specification is itself a stand-along document along with pharmacovigilance plan and the specific elements are incorporated in CTD.5 A Pharmacovigilance Plan – It is based as per safety specifications. For certain products where less risk is expected, routine Pharmacovigilance plan is designed. For certain product which involves more complexity and were less safety specifications are available, additional steps are taken to ensure that any signal detected is evaluated in early stages. Action plans are prepared depending on the safety issue. The main points for action plan are safety issue, objective of proposed action, action proposed, rational for proposed action, monitoring and finally evaluating reporting.5 Risk minimisation activities – It can be achieved through knowledge of Safety Specifications by restricting adding suitable warning on the labelling and package leaflet. Medication errors should also be considered with respect to brand names, presentations instructions for use.5 Appropriate warning should also be mentioned if it can be life-threatening due to improper use of route of administration or due to mixing of different strength. Risk can be minimised through additional studies, legal status of medicines, control at pharmacy level and prescription size and validity. Risk communication Risk communication is a much appreciated step for risk minimisation. Risk should be communicated to healthcare professionals through literatures, educational trainings and informative internet sources so that they can take corrective steps while prescribing to the patient and can minimise the risk.5 EU-RMP is required to be submitted for,5 Application for new active substance, paediatric product, biological product or generic product where more information is required for reference medicinal product. Application for significant change in MA like new dosage forms, route of administration or change in manufacturing process On request of CA or if any safety issue arises of the product. EU-RMP plan is submitted in Module 1.8.2 for evaluation by pharmacovigilance and risk management experts.5 PHARMACOVIGILANCE PENALTIES Every MAH has to adhere to pharmacovigilance system. Non-compliance in the UK will have fine upto  £5000 or if it is conviction it is unlimited fine and imprisonment for upto 2 years to QPPV or company management. As per EU laws, if non-compliance is intentional or negligent, the fine is upto 5% of the annual sales or 2.5% per day average or if it is failure to co-operate or providing misleading information, the fine is upto 0.5% of total annual or per day average sales. Apart from fine, it gives a signal that company is not looking about patient’s safety, putting their profits first and an embarrassment in the industry. EUDRAVIGILANCE From November 2005, electronic reporting became mandatory. The reporting of European pharmacovigilance activities is supported by software called Eudravigilance. Eudravigilance maintains the database of adverse reactions reported for any medicinal product which are subject to clinical trials.8 Eudravigilance provides access of adverse reactions to CA, healthcare professionals, patients as well as pharmaceutical industry. It also maintains the data of ICSR and other suspected adverse reactions. While reviewing the pharmacovigilance system, it helps to identify adverse events to the rapporteur by creating regular overview of adverse events throughout the lifecycle of medicinal product. Also Eudravigilance interfaces with EU-RMP in providing systemic description of risk in terms as defined by MEDdra.8 It is found that 40% of safety issues can be detected earlier if Eudravigilance is used in addition to other PV sources.9 The typical flow of information from   PV and EU risk management strategy implication are, PRACTICAL APPROACH TO PHARMACOVIGILANCE Pharmacovigilance system is dependent on reporting and analysis of unintended effects. But all the side effects cannot be classified as unintended effects. Hence its MAH decision to classify which they consider as serious unintended effects. As physician did not get any feedback of their reporting of unintended effect which ends up in reluctance to report to the MAH.10 In the EU as the products are granted through different procedures, the requirements for labelling are different which makes it difficult to understand benefit-risk balance which pose a risk to public health.10 MAH along with manufacturers should responsible for overall detecting and evaluating the adverse effects of the medicinal product. Duplication of work is involved for reporting by both generic and innovator companies for same medicinal product and lack of communication between them.10 Important safety information should be treated as priority instead of documenting, validating, evaluating and reporting all experiences with the same degree of urgency. PSUR reporting is complex as it involves different presentations, different approval times and country specific labelling.10 As per innovation in healthcare technology, Pharmacovigilance system should be developed to identify the potential association of side effect with a comparison of patient who was given medicine v/s patient who has not taken the medicine.10 NEW 2010 PHARMACOVIGILANCE LEGISLATION The current legislation will amended by Regulation EU/1235/2010 and Directive 2010/84/EC from July 2012.39 The new legislation aims to minimise duplication of reporting system simplifies reporting of adverse drug reactions and PSUR. It also aims to inform patients about benefit-risk aspects and encourage patient to report any effects through online forms, have explanatory wordings on patient leaflet and SmPC for special safety monitoring medicines. The main implications are,40 MAH have to submit ADR reports only to Eudravigilance and not required to submit to individual national CAs. PSUR will have single assessment for same active substance hence all variations; maintenance should be done through union procedure to maintain harmonisation. PSUR reporting is not required for low risk or established molecules unless there is some safety concern. So generic companies will be benefitted by not submitting PSUR unless requested. Currently DDPS will be replaced by Pharmacovigilance System Master File (PSMF) which should be permanently available for submission or inspection on request of national CA. All pharmacovigilance referrals will be discussed by Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Committee (PRAC) and to avoid duplication CMDh should agree on the single opinions for all member states. Environmental risk factors should be considered as safety of the people in the particular area of the EU. SUCCESS EXAMPLES OF PHARMACOVIGILANCE In last few years, there were certain medicinal products which were showing positive benefit-risk balance during approval, but on constant monitoring for 5 to 10 years, their safety profile has changed and they started to show negative benefit-risk balance. The few products are, Avandia Avandamet Acomplia   Vioxx etc. Avandia and Avandamet have shown good management of diabetes, but along with that they also pose a risk of cardiovascular events which were unintended adverse effects. MAH have provided extensive research documents to support their product, but finally it was found that benefits were less compared to risks imposed. Hence considering the public safety, these products are withdrawn at their maturity stages. As a part of pharmacovigilance studies, it was found that due to long exposure time of the medicine, it has shown adverse effects which were not possible during pre-authorisation studies. Also it proved the strength of pharmacovigilance studies, which has avoided any such disaster among the patients. CONCLUSION Pharmacovigilance plays very important part in healthcare system. As the new molecules are complex with limited reports, pharmacovigilance is the tool to monitor the safety benefits. Though it creates more and more hurdles to the MAH with respect to provide more data and justification, it actually provides more safety towards the public health. Without accurate pharmacovigilance system, it may end up with lot of life-threatening incidence globally. New legislation from July 2012 will bring a major change in current pharmacovigilance system, but it is more acceptable in terms of avoiding duplication of work, systematic reporting and monitoring and harmonised approach. LIST OF REFERENCES Primary reference: World Health Organisation. The importance of Pharmacovigilance. Safety monitoring of medicinal products. 2002. Secondary reference: Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference between innovative and generic industries? Part I: Analysis of spontaneous reporting practice in innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue January 2007:p2 Primary reference: Meyboom RH, Egberts AC, Gribnau FW, Hekster YA. Pharmacovigilance in perspective. Drug Saf. 1999 Dec;21(6): 429-47. Secondary reference: Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference between innovative and generic industries? Part I: Analysis of spontaneous reporting practice in innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue January 2007:p2 Pharmacovigilance, 2nd Edition by Ronald D. Mann Elizabeth B. Andrews, John Wiley Sons Ltd., p.3 Available from URL: compsci.googlecode.com/files/Pharmacovigilance,%202nd%20edition.pdf (accessed on 9th May 2011) Carol Tsang, Pharmacovigilance: Is there a difference in perceived practices between innovative and generic industries? Part 2: Seriousness criteria for ADR reporting by innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Issue March 2007:p8-11 Volume 9A of the Rules governing medicinal products in the European Union: Guidelines on Pharmacovigilance for medicinal products for human use; September 2008. Available from URL: http://ec.europa.eu/health/files/eudralex/vol-9/pdf/vol9a_09-2008_en.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) Jackie Roberts, Chief Regulatory Officer and QPPV, Jenson Pharmaceuticals Services Ltd, Devon, UK, Detailed Description of the Pharmacovigilance System (DDPS), MHRA Conference, London, 22 April 2010, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Vol 7, No 6, June 2010:p25 Carol Tsang, ApoPharma Inc, Toronto, Canada ([emailprotected]), Pharmacovigilance – PSUR preparation and submission by innovative and generic companies, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur September 2007,p. 10-19 Thomas Goedecke, Sabine Brosch, Peter Arlett, EMEA: EudraVigilance – the common EU database to support pharmacovigilance activities, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur, Vol 6, No 2, February 2009: p6-11. Carol Hynes, Director, Global Regulatory Affairs, Strategic policy and support, Johnson Johnson Pharmaceuticals Group, The 4th EMEA/TOPRA meeting on medicines legislation 2009: Evaluation to the next step – the needs of the future, Session 2 – Pharmacovigilance and risk management, TOPRA   regulatory rapporteur, Vol 7, No 3, March 2010: p 22. Paolo Biffignandi, EU Vigilance, UK, Germany and Italy, The complexity of Pharmacovigilance, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur – Vol 6, No. 2, February 2009, p.4-5 New 2010 Pharmacovigilance legislation. Available from URL: ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/regulation/general/general_content_000492.jspmurl=menus/regulations/regulations.jspmid=WC0b01ac058033e8ad (assessed on 9th May 2011) 2010 Pharmacovigilance legislation: strengthening the monitoring of medicines. Available from URL; ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages/special_topics/general/general_content_000491.jspmurl=menus/special_topics/special_topics.jspmid=WC0b01ac058033e8ac (accessed on 9th May 2011) Hoss A Dowlat, Principle Consultant, Regulatory Affairs (Biologics), Freiburg, Germany ([emailprotected]), The Importance and Impact of the EU-RMP and US-REMS to risk-benefit assessments, TOPRA Regulatory Rapporteur – Vol 8, No. 2, February 2011,p.20-23 Directives: Directive 2010/84/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010. Available from URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0074:0099:EN:PDF (assessed on 9th May 2011) Regulations: Regulation (EU) No 1235/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2010. Available from URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2010:348:0001:0016:EN:PDF (assessed on 9th May 2011) ICH Harmonised Tripartite Guideline, Pharmacovigilance Planning E2E, Current Step 4 version dated 18 November 2004. Available UTL from: ich.org/fileadmin/Public_Web_Site/ICH_Products/Guidelines/Efficacy/E2E/Step4/E2E_Guideline.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) EMA Document Ref EMEA/CHMP/96268/2005, Guideline of Risk Management for Medicinal Products for Human Use, Date coming into effect 20 November 2005. Available from URL: ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2009/10/WC500004888.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) EMA Document Ref EMEA/187439/2006/Final, Draft Eudravigilance Access Policy for Medicines for Human Use, Date 19 December 2008. Available from URL: ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Regulatory_and_procedural_guideline/2009/10/WC500006344.pdf (assessed on 9th May 2011) MHRA Frequently asked questions for Good Pharmacovigilance Practice. Available from URL: mhra.gov.uk/Howweregulate/Medicines/Inspectionandstandards/GoodPharmacovigilancePractice/Frequentlyaskedquestions/index.htm (assessed on 9th May 2011)

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 10

Globalization - Essay Example Globalization also allows businesses to take up cost cutting measures by outsourcing production to countries where they can avail the benefits of cheaper labor, raw material, equipment, processing etc. that being said, operating in an international market also poses a number of threats some of the major ones being compliance to laws of specific countries of operations and increased competition For example, Nike outsourced its production to Asia and was criticized greatly for not considering the significant amount of child labor used in the factories there. Thus, the need have a strategic competitive edge is imperative for success in this era of globalization. For governments, globalization is seen as a threat as well as an opportunity. On one hand it hampers the growth of local industries and adds the aspect of uncertainty to the economic construct of a country. This is why many countries make it difficult for foreign companies to enter and operate in the home country, as a measure to protect their local industries to promote self-sufficiency For example; China has restrictive import policies so that the local industry does not suffer as a result of increasing trade. On the up side, globalization opens doors to trade and investment, boosting the economy (Imf.org). It also allows greater consumer power of choice and the influx of foreign business helps in the development of technology and communication locally. Lastly, it helps in countries to maintain positive relationships with each other, contributing to world peace and regional harmony like the trade relationship between US and European Union aimed at bringing both regions together th rough trade. Agreements like the transatlantic trade and investment partnerships regulate and support such trade

Friday, November 1, 2019

Experience when work was criticized Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Experience when work was criticized - Essay Example The specific incident involved a creative story that I had written. The story was a work of fiction and it involved an experimental form of structure and language. My intention with the story was to attempt to develop new ways of advancing the story. In these regards, the structure of the story was greatly influenced by movies such as Memento and Inception, in that the narrative didn’t advance in a strictly straightforward way, but instead jumped throughout different time periods. In addition to the story implementing experimental story structure, at times it also implemented experimental language; in these regards the story was influenced by books, such as 1984 and a Clockwork Orange because these books also used invented words and different text. While I recognized that in implementing these methods, the story would potentially be made more difficult to read, I felt they were necessary to add a touch of originality and fresh perspective to my work. However, when I had a numb er of individuals read the story many reacted negatively indicating they did not like the experimental elements incorporated into the story. My reaction to the negative criticism of my story was complex. Initially I resented the criticism I received from these individuals and began to think that they didn’t appreciate what I was attempting to accomplish with my writing. I began to believe that if the people who criticized the story had spent more time trying to read it then they would have understood it to a greater extent.